Clashing on social media
Exploring the impact of Twitter banter between competing fast-food brands
Keywords:
brand-to-brand communication, social media, new product introduction, causal inferenceAbstract
We quantify the causal effects of viral banter on social media among rivals in the context of a new product launch by a focal brand. We argue that such a banter would not only increase user engagement but also have a substantial sales impact for the brands involved. Our analysis shows that the viral banter caused a 426% jump in online search and lead to a 54% increase in offline sales for the focal brand. Although rival brands benefited from increased user engagement, they did not see a significant change in online search and offline sales. Beyond initial success, we observe a sustained long-term growth (30%) in focal brand’s sales. Our study has key implications for firms. We suggest that brands exercise caution before disparaging their competitors on social media.
Key words: brand-to-brand communication, social media, new product introduction, causal inference
References
Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010). Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of California’s tobacco control program. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 105(490), 493-505.
Abadie, A., & Gardeazabal, J. (2003). The economic costs of conflict: A case study of the Basque Country. American Economic Review, 93(1), 113–132.
Arkhangelsky, D., Athey, S., Hirshberg, D. A., Imbens, G. W., & Wager, S. (2021). Synthetic difference-in-differences. American Economic Review, 111(12), 4088–4118.
Barigozzi, F., Garella, P. G., & Peitz, M. (2009). With a little help from my enemy: Comparative advertising as a signal of quality. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 18(4), 1071-1094.
Chatelain, M. (2019, November 7). Why Popeyes markets its chicken sandwich to African Americans. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/11/07/why-popeyes-markets-its-chicken-sandwich-african-americans/.
Choi, H., & Varian, H. (2012). Predicting the present with Google Trends. Economic Record, 88, 2–9.
Colliander, J., Dahlén, M., & Modig, E. (2015). Twitter for two: Investigating the effects of dialogue with customers in social media. International Journal of Advertising, 34(2), 181-194.
Cox, L. K. (2017, August 25). Mac or PC? A brief history of Apple & Microsoft’s ad war. HubSpot blog. https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/mac-pc-advertising-history.
Doudchenko, N., & Imbens, G. W. (2016). Balancing, regression, difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods: A synthesis. NBER working paper, no. w22791.
Dura, Y. (2020). The best “Burger King vs. Mcdonald’s ads.” Marketing Birds. https://themarketingbirds.com/the-best-burger-king-vs-mcdonalds-ads-war-you-should-see/.
Ed Show, The (2012, October 4). KitchenAid apologizes for dead grandma Obama debate tweet. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/kitchenaid-apologizes-dead-grandma-obama-debate-tweet-flna6283657.
Edge, J. T. (2004). Fried chicken: An American story. Penguin.
Ensha, A. (2009, April 23). Audi and BMW engage in billboard battle. The New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/23/audi-and-bmw-engage-in-billboard-battle/.
Eskandari, F., Alake, A., Weeks, G., & Butler, M. (2019). Twitter conversations about food poverty: An analysis supplemented with Google Trends analysis. The Lancet, 394(Supplement 2), S38.
Garramone, G. M. (1984). Voter responses to negative political ads. Journalism Quarterly, 61(2), 250-259.
Gottfredson, M., & Aspinall, K. (2005). Innovation versus complexity: What is too much of a good thing? Harvard Business Review, 83(11), 62-71, 164.
Greene, T., Seet, C., Barrio, A. R., McIntyre, D., Kelly, B., & Bragg, M. A. (2022). Brands with personalities–good for businesses, but bad for public health? A content analysis of how food and beverage brands personify themselves on Twitter. Public Health Nutrition, 25(1), 51-60.
Grewal, D., Kavanoor, S., Fern, E. F., Costley, C., & Barnes, J. (1997). Comparative versus noncomparative advertising: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marketing, 61(4), 1-15.
Gruner, R. L., Vomberg, A., Homburg, C., & Lukas, B. A. (2019). Supporting new product launches with social media communication and online advertising: Sales volume and profit implications. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 36(2), 172-195.
Gurun, U. G., Nickerson, J., & Solomon, D. H. (2020). The perils of private provision of public goods. Working paper. University of Texas at Dallas.
Hardy, K (2019, March). Why constant menu innovation is key. QSR Magazine. https://www.qsrmagazine.com/menu-innovations/why-constant-menu-innovation-key.
Hariharan, V. G., Bezawada, R., & Talukdar, D. (2015). Aggregate impact of different brand development strategies. Management Science, 61(5), 1164-1182.
Harris, J. B. (2011). High on the hog: A culinary journey from Africa to America. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Hennig-Thurau, T., Malthouse, E. C., Friege, C., Gensler, S., Lobschat, L., Rangaswamy, A., & Skiera, B. (2010). The impact of new media on customer relationships. Journal of Service Research, 13(3), 311-330.
Hultink, E. J., & Robben, H. S. (1995). Measuring new product success: The difference that time perspective makes. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12(5), 392-405.
Jargon, J. (2017, July 25). You want snark with those fries? No one is safe from Wendy’s tweets. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/you-want-snark-with-those-fries-no-one-is-safe-from-wendys-tweets-1500995026.
Kadiyali, V., Vilcassim, N., & Chintagunta, P. (1998). Product line extensions and competitive market interactions: An empirical analysis. Journal of Econometrics, 89(1/2), 339-363.
Kim, H., & Hanssens, D. M. (2017). Advertising and word-of-mouth effects on pre-launch consumer interest and initial sales of experience products. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 37, 57–74.
Lee, D., Hosanagar, K., & Nair, H. S. (2018). Advertising content and consumer engagement on social media: Evidence from Facebook. Management Science, 64(11), 5105-5131.
Merritt, S. (1984). Negative political advertising: Some empirical findings. Journal of Advertising, 13(3), 27-38.
Miller, A. (2013). Soul food: The surprising story of an American cuisine, one plate at a time. UNC Press Books.
Morabito, G. (2019, August 27). Popeyes, ever the tease, temporarily removes crispy chicken sandwich from menu. https://www.eater.com/2019/8/27/20835780/popeyes-temporarily-removes-chicken-sandwich-from-menu.
Opie, F. D. (2010). Hog and hominy: Soul food from Africa to America. Columbia University Press.
Patnode, K. (2023, February 10). Twitter feuds: What happens when brands go head-to-head. Ignite Social Media. https://www.ignitesocialmedia.com/humor/twitter-feuds-what-happens-when-brands-go-head-to-head/.
Pearl, D. (2019, November 5). How Twitter turned Popeyes' chicken sandwich into a viral phenomenon. Adweek. Retrieved from https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/how-twitter-turned-popeyes-chicken-sandwich-into-viral-phenomenon/
Pishko, J. (2019). When brands tease their rivals on Twitter: Consequences for consumer engagement (Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston).
Quelch, J. A., & Kenny, D. (1995). Extend profits, not product lines. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 3(12), 249-250.
Roehm, M. L., & Roehm, H. A., Jr. (2014). Consumer responses to parodic ads. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24(1), 18-33.
Shaffer, G., & Zettelmeyer, F. (2009). Comparative advertising and in-store displays. Marketing Science, 28(6), 1144–1156.
Shen, Q., & Xiao, P. (2014). McDonald's and KFC in China: Competitors or companions? Marketing Science, 33(2), 287-307.
Simon, F., & Tossan, V. (2018). Does brand-consumer social sharing matter? A relational framework of customer engagement to brand-hosted social media. Journal of Business Research, 85, 175-184.
Sorescu, A. B., & Gelb, B. D. (2000). Negative comparative advertising: Evidence favoring fine-tuning. Journal of Advertising, 29(4), 25-40.
Sprout Social. (2017). Consumers aren’t looking to buy from brands that are “cool” on social. The Q2 2017 Sprout Social Index. https://media.sproutsocial.com/uploads/2017/05/The-Q2-2017-Sprout-Social-Index.pdf.
Thomas, V. L., & Fowler, K. (2021). Turn the Other cheek or an eye: Exploring brand-to-brand dialogue on social media. Journal of Advertising, 50(40), 441–461.
Tuten, T. L., & Solomon, M. R. (2017). Social media marketing. Sage.
Twitty, M. W. (2017). The cooking gene: A journey through African American culinary history in the Old South. Amistad.
United States Census Bureau. (2020). County population by characteristics: 2010-2019. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/
Yoffie, D. B., & Wang. Y. (2002). Cola wars continue: Coke and Pepsi in the Twenty-first Century. Harvard Business School. https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/702442-PDF-ENG
Zhou, L., Du, K. M., & Cutright, K. M. (2022). Befriending the enemy: The effects of observing brand-to-brand praise on consumer evaluations and choices. Journal of Marketing, 86(3), 1–16.